Bilingual Education in the 21st Century examines languages and bilingualism as individual and societal phenomena, presents program types, variables, and policies in bilingual education, and concludes by looking at practices, especially pedagogies and assessments. This thought-provoking work is an ideal textbook for future teachers as well as providing a fresh view of the subject for school administrators and policy makers. Provides an overview of bilingual education theories and practices throughout the world Extends traditional conceptions of bilingualism and bilingual education to include global and local concerns in the 21st century Questions assumptions regarding language, bilingualism and bilingual education, and proposes a new theoretical framework and alternative views of teaching and assessment practices Reviews international bilingual education policies, with separate chapters dedicated to US and EU language policy in education Gives reasons why bilingual education is good for all children throughout the world, and presents cases of how this is being carried out

List of Figures p. ix List of Tables p. x Preface and Acknowledgments (and a Caveat) p. xii Part 1 Bilingual Education for All p. 1 Introducing Bilingual Education p. 3 Scenarios p. 3 Introduction p. 5 What Is Bilingual Education? p. 5 Beneficiaries and Reasons p. 11 Geopolitics and Language Orientations p. 13 Summary p. 16 Conclusion p. 17 Part 2 Bilingualism and Education p. 19 Languaging and Education p. 21 Introduction p. 22 Language Constructions p. 23 Languaging p. 31 Conclusion p. 40 Bilingualism and Translanguaging p. 42 Introduction p. 43 Bilingualism and Translanguaging p. 44 Models of Bilingualism p. 51 Questioning Assumptions p. 56 Bilingual Abilities p. 61 Bilingual Development p. 63 Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Considerations p. 67 Conclusion p. 71 The Sociopolitics of Bilingualism p. 73 Introduction p. 73 Transglossia p. 75 Language Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization p. 80 Language Ideologies p. 82 Language Policy as Right and Resource p. 84 Conclusion p. 91 Benefits of Bilingualism p. 93 Introduction p. 94 Cognitive Advantages p. 94 Social Advantages p. 97 Intervening Factors p. 101 Conclusion p. 107 Bilingual Education Policy p. 109 Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types p. 111 Introduction: The Social Context p. 112 Bilingual Education Models? p. 113 Bilingual Education Theoretical Frameworks p. 115 Bilingual Education Types p. 123 Conclusion p. 135 Bilingual Education: Factors and Variables p. 137 Introduction p. 137 Situational Factor p. 138 Operational Factor p. 146 Outcome Factor p. 152 Integrating Situational, Operational, and Outcome Factors p. 156 Conclusion p. 157 U.S. Language Policy in Education p. 159 Introduction p. 159 The Past p. 160 The Present p. 174 Conclusion p. 193 Language Promotion by European Supra-national Institutions p. 197 Introduction p. 197 The Council of Europe p. 198 The European Commission p. 204 Bilingual Education: CLIL/EMILE p. 208 Conclusion p. 216 Monoglossic Bilingual Education Policy p. 218 Introduction p. 219 Policies for Transition: Transitional Bilingual Education p. 221 Policies for Maintenance and Enrichment: Maintenance Bilingual Education p. 231 Policies for Enrichment of Social Elite: Prestigious Bilingual Education p. 236 Policy for Enrichment of Language Majorities: Immersion Bilingual Education p. 237 Conclusion p. 240 Heteroglossic Bilingual Education Policy p. 244 Introduction p. 245 Policies for Language Revitalization: Immersion Revitalization Bilingual Education p. 247 Policies for Development of Minority Languages: Developmental Bilingual Education p. 251 Policy for Plurilingualism across Groups: Poly-Directional or Two-Way Bilingual Education (Dual Language) p. 257 Policies for Plurilingualism within Groups: CLIL and CLIL-Type Bilingual Education p. 264 Policies for Multiple Languages: Multiple Multilingual Education p. 266 Conclusion p. 280 Bilingual Education Practices p. 287 Bilingualism in the Curriculum p. 289 Introduction p. 289 Bilingual Allocation p. 290 Bilingual Arrangements p. 291 Bilingual Practices: Translanguaging p. 304 Models of Bilingual Teaching p. 308 Conclusion p. 309 Bilingual Education Pedagogy and Practices p. 312 Introduction p. 312 Bilingual Education Approaches and Methods p. 313 Principles and Practices of Bilingual Education Pedagogy p. 318 Strategies: Scaffolding p. 329 Conclusion p. 335 Biliteracy Practices and Pedagogy p. 337 Introduction p. 337 A Sociocultural Approach p. 338 The Continua of Biliteracy p. 340 Models of Biliteracy Use p. 342 Biliteracy Sequencing p. 344 Written Language and Texts p. 346 Instructional Approaches p. 351 The Biliteracy Workshop p. 354 Conclusion p. 364 Assessment of Bilinguals p. 366 Introduction p. 366 The Power of Assessment p. 367 Assessing Bilinguals p. 369 Democratic Assessment for Bilinguals p. 378 Conclusion p. 378 Bilingual Education for the Twenty-first Century p. 381 Conclusion p. 383 Myths and Realities p. 390 Notes p. 395 Bibliography p. 410 Author Index p. 459 Subject Index p. 466

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