How does a person learn a second language? In this book, Marysia Johnson proposes a new model of second language acquisition (SLA) - a model that shifts the focus from language competence (the ability to pass a language exam) to language performance (using language competently in real-life contexts). Johnson argues that current SLA theory and research is heavily biased in the direction of the cognitive and experimental scientific tradition. She draws on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Bakhtin's literary theory to construct an alternative framework for second language theory, research, teaching, and testing. The origin of second language acquisition is not located exclusively in the learner's mind, the author says, but in dialogical interaction conducted in a variety of settings.

Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Part One: Following the Cognitive Tradition 7 1. Three Major Scientific Research Traditions 9 2. Behaviorism and Second Language Learning 18 3. The Cognitive Tradition and Second Language Acquisition 30 4. Information Processing Models 46 5. Communicative Competence Versus Interactional Competence 85 Part Two: A Dialogical Approach to SLA 101 6. Fundamental Principles of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 103 7. Bakhtin’s Dialogized Heteroglossia 120 8. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning 129 viii Contents 9. Building a New Model of Second Language Acquisition 170 Bibliography 191 Index 203

Marysia Johnson is assistant professor of linguistics at Arizona State University, where she works extensively in the area of second language acquisition research.

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