Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with Applications is an introductory text in air-breathing jet propulsion including ramjets, turbojets, turbofans and propjets. It provides coverage of the basic operating principles, from cycle analysis through component design and system matching. The book is directed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students and a basic understanding of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics is assumed, although many principles are thoroughly reviewed. Numerous examples and nearly 300 homework problems based on modern engines make this book an ideal teaching tool, as well as a valuable reference for practising engineers. A CD included with the book contains example files and software to support the text.

Preface page xv Foreword xix Part I Cycle Analysis 1 Introduction 3 1.1 History of Propulsion Devices and Turbomachines 3 1.2 Cycles 10 1.2.1 Brayton Cycle 10 1.2.2 Brayton Cycle with Regeneration 13 1.2.3 Intercooling 14 1.2.4 Steam-Topping Cycle 15 1.3 Classification of Engines 16 1.3.1 Ramjet 16 1.3.2 Turbojet 17 1.3.3 Turbojet with Afterburner 19 1.3.4 Turbofan 20 1.3.5 Turbofan with Afterburner 25 1.3.6 Turboprop 27 1.3.7 Unducted Fan (UDF) 29 1.3.8 Turboshaft 29 1.3.9 Power-Generation Gas Turbines 30 1.3.10 Comparison of Engine Types 32 1.4 Engine Thrust 34 1.4.1 Turbojet 35 1.4.2 Turbofan with a Fan Exhaust 38 1.4.3 Turboprop 40 1.5 Performance Measures 41 1.5.1 Propulsion Measures 41 1.5.2 Power-Generation Measures 42 1.6 Summary 42 2 Ideal Cycle Analysis 46 2.1 Introduction 46 2.2 Components 47 2.2.1 Diffuser 48 2.2.2 Compressor 51 2.2.3 Fan 53 2.2.4 Turbine 55 2.2.5 Propeller 56 2.2.6 Shaft 59 2.2.7 Combustor 59 2.2.8 Afterburner 61 2.2.9 Primary Nozzle 63 2.2.10 Fan Nozzle 65 2.2.11 Bypass Duct 66 2.2.12 Bypass Mixer 67 2.2.13 Exhaust for a Power-Generation Gas Turbine 68 2.3 Cycle Analysis 70 2.3.1 Ramjet 71 2.3.2 Turbojet 78 2.3.3 Turbofan 91 2.3.4 Turboprop 113 2.3.5 Power-Generation Gas Turbine 119 2.4 Summary 124 3 Non-ideal Cycle Analysis 134 3.1 Introduction 134 3.1.1 Variable Specific Heats 134 3.2 Component Losses 135 3.2.1 Diffuser 135 3.2.2 Compressor 137 3.2.3 Fan 141 3.2.4 Turbine 141 3.2.5 Propeller 143 3.2.6 Shaft 144 3.2.7 Combustor 145 3.2.8 Afterburner 146 3.2.9 Primary Nozzle 147 3.2.10 Fan Nozzle 150 3.2.11 Bypass Duct 151 3.2.12 Bypass Mixer 152 3.2.13 Power Turbine Exhaust 153 3.2.14 Summary of Nonideal Effects and Simple Parameter Models in Components 154 3.3 Cycle Analysis 155 3.3.1 General Approach 155 3.3.2 Examples 156 3.4 Use of Cycle Analysis in Preliminary Design 182 3.5 Summary 182 Part II Component Analysis 4 Diffusers 209 4.1 Introduction 209 4.2 Subsonic 210 4.2.1 External Flow Patterns 210 4.2.2 Limits on Pressure Rise 211 4.2.3 Fanno Line Flow 214 4.2.4 Combined Area Changes and Friction 215 4.3 Supersonic 216 4.3.1 Shocks 216 4.3.2 Internal Area Considerations 225 4.3.3 Additive Drag 229 4.3.4 밪tarting?an Inlet 232 4.4 Performance Map 235 4.5 Summary 236 5 Nozzles 244 5.1 Introduction 244 5.2 Nonideal Equations 244 5.2.1 Primary Nozzle 244 5.2.2 Fan Nozzle 245 5.2.3 Effects of Efficiency on Nozzle Performance 245 5.3 Converging Nozzle 246 5.4 Converging뺻iverging Nozzle 247 5.5 Effects of Pressure Ratios on Engine Performance 256 5.6 Variable Nozzle 258 5.7 Performance Maps 260 5.7.1 Dimensional Analysis 260 5.7.2 Trends 261 5.8 Thrust Reversers and Vectoring 265 5.8.1 Reversers 265 5.8.2 Vectoring 267 5.9 Summary 270 6 Axial Flow Compressors and Fans 276 6.1 Introduction 276 6.2 Geometry 277 6.3 Velocity Polygons or Triangles 283 6.4 Single-Stage Energy Analysis 286 6.4.1 Total Pressure Ratio 287 6.4.2 Percent Reaction 287 6.4.3 Incompressible Flow 288 6.4.4 Relationships of Velocity Polygons to Percent Reaction and Pressure Ratio 289 6.5 Performance Maps 299 6.5.1 Dimensional Analysis 299 6.5.2 Trends 300 6.5.3 Experimental Data 301 6.5.4 Mapping Conventions 302 6.5.5 Surge Control 303 6.6 Limits on Stage Pressure Ratio 303 6.7 Variable Stators 307 6.7.1 Theoretical Reasons 307 6.7.2 Turning Mechanism 312 6.8 Twin Spools 312 6.8.1 Theoretical Reasons 312 6.8.2 Mechanical Implementation 314 6.8.3 Three Spools 315 6.9 Radial Equilibrium 316 6.9.1 Differential Analysis 316 6.9.2 Free Vortex 317 6.9.3 Constant Reaction 318 6.10 Streamline Analysis Method 320 6.10.1 Flow Geometry 321 6.10.2 Working Equations 322 6.11 Performance of a Compressor Stage 331 6.11.1 Velocity Polygons 332 6.11.2 Lift and Drag Coefficients 335 6.11.3 Forces 340 6.11.4 Relationship of Blade Loading and Performance 341 6.11.5 Effects of Parameters 342 6.11.6 Empiricism Using Cascade Data 346 6.11.7 Further Empiricism 351 6.11.8 Implementation of General Method 354 6.12 Summary 355 7 Centrifugal Compressors 374 7.1 Introduction 374 7.2 Geometry 374 7.3 Velocity Polygons or Triangles 378 7.4 Single-Stage Energy Analysis 380 7.4.1 Total Pressure Ratio 381 7.4.2 Incompressible Flow (Hydraulic pumps) 381 7.4.3 Slip 382 7.4.4 Relationships of Velocity Polygons to Pressure Ratio 386 7.5 Performance Maps 390 7.5.1 Dimensional Analysis 390 7.5.2 Mapping Conventions 390 7.6 Impeller Design Geometries 391 7.6.1 Eye Diameter 392 7.6.2 Basic Blade Shapes 392 7.6.3 Blade Stresses 392 7.6.4 Number of Blades 393 7.6.5 Blade Design 394 7.7 Vaned Diffusers 394 7.8 Summary 397 8 Axial Flow Turbines 406 8.1 Introduction 406 8.2 Geometry 407 8.2.1 Configuration 407 8.2.2 Comparison with Axial Flow Compressors 409 8.3 Velocity Polygons or Triangles 413 8.4 Single-Stage Energy Analysis 416 8.4.1 Total Pressure Ratio 417 8.4.2 Percent Reaction 417 8.4.3 Incompressible Flow (Hydraulic Turbines) 418 8.4.4 Relationships of Velocity Polygons to Percent Reaction and Performance 419 8.5 Performance Maps 425 8.5.1 Dimensional Analysis 425 8.5.2 Mapping Conventions 425 8.6 Thermal Limits of Blades and Vanes 427 8.6.1 Blade Cooling 428 8.6.2 Blade and Vane Materials 429 8.6.3 Blade and Vane Manufacture 430 8.7 Streamline Analysis Method 433 8.8 Summary 434 9 Combustors and Afterburners 440 9.1 Introduction 440 9.2 Geometries 441 9.2.1 Primary Combustors 441 9.2.2 Afterburners 445 9.3 Flame Stability, Ignition, and Engine Starting 447 9.3.1 Flame Stability 447 9.3.2 Ignition and Engine Starting 448 9.4 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 449 9.4.1 Chemistry 450 9.4.2 Thermodynamics 451 9.5 Pressure Losses 456 9.5.1 Rayleigh Line Flow 456 9.5.2 Fanno Line Flow 457 9.5.3 Combined Heat Addition and Friction 458 9.5.4 Flow with a Drag Object 459 9.6 Performance Maps 461 9.6.1 Dimensional Analysis 461 9.6.2 Trends 462 9.7 Fuel Types and Properties 463 9.8 Summary 465 10 Ducts and Mixers 471 10.1 Introduction 471 10.2 Total Pressure Losses 471 10.2.1 Fanno Line Flow 471 10.2.2 Mixing Process 473 10.2.3 Flow with a Drag Object 475 10.3 Summary 477 Part III System Matching and Analysis 11 Matching of Gas Turbine Components 481 11.1 Introduction 481 11.2 Component Matching 482 11.2.1 Gas Generator 482 11.2.2 Jet Engine 484 11.2.3 Power-Generation Gas Turbine 486 11.2.4 Component Modeling 487 11.2.5 Solution of Matching Problem 492 11.2.6 Other Applications 499 11.2.7 Dynamic or Transient Response 499 11.3 Matching of Engine and Aircraft 508 11.4 Use of Matching and Cycle Analysis in Second-Stage Design 511 11.5 Summary 512 Part IV Appendixes Appendix A Standard Atmosphere 527 Appendix B Isentropic Flow Tables 530 Appendix C Fanno Line Flow Tables 548 Appendix D Rayleigh Line Flow Tables 558 Appendix E Normal Shock Flow Tables 568 Appendix F Common Conversions 583 Appendix G Notes on Iteration Methods 585 G.1 Introduction 585 G.2 Regula Falsi 585 G.3 Successive Substitutions 588 Appendix H One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 591 H.1 Introduction 591 H.2 Ideal Gas Equations and Stagnation Properties 591 H.3 Variable Specific Heats 593 H.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Change 595 H.5 Fanno Line Flow 597 H.6 Rayleigh Line Flow 598 H.7 Normal Shocks 600 H.8 Oblique Planar Shocks 601 H.9 Flow with a Drag Object 604 H.10 Mixing Processes 605 H.11 Generalized One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 607 H.12 Combined Area Changes and Friction 608 H.13 Combined Heat Addition and Friction 609 H.14 Combined Area Changes, Heat Addition, and Friction 610 Appendix I Turbomachinery Fundamentals 613 I.1 Introduction 613 I.2 Single-Stage Energy Analysis 613 I.2.1 Total Pressure Ratio 613 I.2.2 Percent Reaction 618 I.2.3 Incompressible Flow 618 I.3 Similitude 620 I.3.1 Dimensional Analysis ?Compressible Flow 620 References 623 Answers to Selected Problems 628 Index 631

Ronald D. Flack joined the faculty of the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science in the mechanical and aerospace engineering department in 1976. He has authored more than 100 journal publications and more than 175 reports and papers. He has served as the chair of MAE and as director of the Rotating Machinery and Controls Industrial Research Program (ROMAC). Dr Flack has been chair of the ASME IGTI Education Committee and chair of the ASME regional committee of ME department heads, and he is an ASME Fellow. His research interests include experimental internal flows in turbomachines and fluid film bearings, leading to the extended life of turbomachines by reducing forces and vibrations and improved hydraulic efficiency of turbomachines.

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